Over the past ten years or so, investigations of ancient DNA have skyrocketed. However, as the pace of ancient DNA research has increased, so, too, have problems with data archiving (归档). Often, only some of the data obtained in any one study are uploaded to publicly available databases. Furthermore, the associated metadata — information on the age of the sample, where it was found, how the DNA was gathered and chemically treated, and so on—are frequently inaccurate or incomplete. Here, we set out the nature of these two problems.
Earlier this year, some experts assessed what data had been uploaded into publicly accessible databases by the authors of 42 studies of ancient DNA published in the journals Nature, Science and Cell between 2021 and 2023. In about half of the papers, researchers archived only those sequences (基因序列) that they had managed to match a reference genome (参考基因组), leaving no record of the unmatched sequences. This represents a permanent loss of data for more than 3,000 ancient samples analysed in just these studies.
It might seem that any sequence that does not map to the reference genome is irrelevant. But improvements in computational methods and more complete reference genomes could enable researchers to match such sequences in the future. Also, even if some of the unmatched sequences are not from the species of interest, they could be among the most interesting in the data set, especially if they originated from disease-causing microorganisms that infected the host.
The study of ancient microorganisms has become a field in its own right and is transforming our understanding of the history of many infectious diseases. Until 2015, for instance, historians thought that plague, a disease known for its high infectivity, emerged as a significant human disease only around 1,500 years ago. Analyses of unmatched sequences from ancient human remains have revealed, however, that outbreaks of plague were occurring 5,000 years ago. Researchers have likewise used studies of unmatched sequences gathered from human remains to clarify the evolutionary history of other infectious agents.
32. What problem results from the archiving practice described in paragraph 2?
A. Data loss.B. Chaotic data.
C. Inaccessible databases.D. Insufficient reference genomes.
33. How does the author develop paragraph 3?
A. By describing a process step by step.
B. By challenging a common assumption.
C. By comparing two different methods.
D. By summarizing the main findings.
34. Why are "plague" and other infectious agents mentioned in the passage?
A. To classify deadly diseases in history
B. To track the evolution of microorganisms
C. To provide new insights into disease outbreak
D. To illustrate the value of unmatched sequences
35. What might be discussed in the following paragraphs?
A. Problems with metadata.
B. Sequencing techniques.
C. Examples of matched sequences.
D. History of data archiving.
古DNA数据归档 (科学评论文)
语篇类型:学术评论/说明文
核心能力:梳理科学论证逻辑、理解专业概念、把握作者意图。
32.A
段落大意题。第二段描述的研究实践是:许多论文只归档匹配参考基因组的序列,而丢弃未匹配的序列。这直接导致了超过3000个样本数据的永久丢失。因此核心问题是数据丢失。
33.B
写作手法题。第三段开头说“可能看起来不匹配的序列无关紧要”,但接着用“But”转折,论证这些序列未来可能通过技术改进变得重要,即使是来自致病微生物的也极具价值。这是在挑战一个常见的假设。
34.D
例证作用题。第四段提到鼠疫和其他传染病病原体的例子,是为了具体说明前文观点:研究未匹配的序列(unmatched sequences)可以带来革命性的新发现(如改写鼠疫历史)。因此是为了阐明未匹配序列的价值。
35.A
篇章结构题。首段末尾明确说明文章将阐述两个问题:“two problems”。第二、三、四段详细论述了第一个问题(数据归档不全导致数据丢失)。按照逻辑,接下来应该论述第二个问题,即首段提到的“元数据不准确或不完整”的问题。
【答题分析】
这是一篇典型的学术评论文章,其逻辑严密、结构清晰,非常适合作为逻辑分析和阅读理解训练的范本。以下是对该文论证逻辑的深度拆解及答题注意事项。
论证逻辑深度分析
文章遵循了标准的“发现问题—分析原因/后果—举例论证—预测后续”的逻辑结构:
1. 提出问题(引言段):
作者开宗明义,指出古DNA研究领域的两个核心问题:数据归档不全(Data archiving) 和 元数据(Metadata)质量堪忧。这直接为全文构建了双线论证框架。
2. 核心论点展开(段落2 & 3):
现象描述(段落2): 以具体的调研数据(42项研究、3000+样本)支撑“数据归档不全”这一问题。
反驳潜在异议(段落3): 作者预判了读者的疑虑(“未匹配序列没用”),并利用“技术进步”和“生物多样性/病原体研究”两个维度进行反驳,从价值层面确立了“未匹配数据”的重要性。
3. 价值深化与论据支撑(段落4):通过“鼠疫”这一经典历史案例,从“古病理学”角度实证了这些原本被丢弃的“未匹配序列”所带来的科研价值,将抽象的理论提升为具体的历史修正。
4. 结构预设(全文视角):作者在第一段结尾承诺讨论“两个问题”,目前文章已完成对第一个问题(数据丢失)的论证,按照学术写作的严谨性,后续必然转向第二个问题(元数据)。
答题注意事项与技巧
针对此类学术阅读,在备考和答题时应注意以下几点:
1. 识别“转折”中的论证功能(如第33题)
技巧: 学术写作中,作者常会先提出一个“大众观点”或“常见错觉”,紧接着用 But/However/Yet 等转折词引导出自己的核心主张。
避坑: 不要仅仅把转折看作简单的态度改变,要将其视为“挑战/反驳常见假设(Challenging a common assumption)”的论证策略。
2. 理解“例证”的逻辑服务对象(如第34题)
技巧: 题目问“为什么要提到X”,本质是在问“X在逻辑上支撑了什么结论”。例证永远是为前文的观点服务的。
验证法: 找到例子所在段落的中心句(通常是段首或段尾),看该例子是如何证明这一中心句的。例子是手段,观点是目的。
3. 把握“篇章结构”的全局视野(如第35题)
技巧: 关注首段的“导航句”(Roadmap sentence)。例如本文的 “Here, we set out the nature of these two problems.” 这是一个极其强烈的信号。
逻辑推演: 一旦识别出文章是分模块论述,答题时就必须遵循“论述完A必讲B”的逻辑顺序。即便文中未明说,通过首段提纲也能预判后续走向。
4. 警惕“偷换概念”与“过度推理”
注意事项: 在处理此类科学评论题时,切忌根据个人生活经验做判断。
细节定位: 题目选项中常有干扰项(Distractors),例如32题如果选项里出现“样本不够”,就是针对“3000个样本”的干扰,但实际逻辑是“归档实践导致丢失”,而非“样本本身不足”。
三、 总结建议
阅读习惯培养: 养成标注逻辑连接词(But, For instance, Furthermore, Therefore)的习惯,这些词是理清论证链条的路标。
抽象概括能力: 练习将具体的科学发现(如鼠疫、微生物)概括为抽象的论证作用(如:验证科学价值、提供新洞察)。
心态建设: 遇到专业术语(如“参考基因组”、“元数据”)不必恐慌,题目重点考察的是论证关系,而非考查你对这些专业词汇的生物学背景知识。
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